Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band"
Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. City. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. (Click on the titles of the pieces The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. The piece has an They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". The music business suffered during the Great Depression. The swing era followed boogie-woogie. Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. They had the Blue Devils. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. Gioia, Ted. ragtime Cool Jazz He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. and the Lincoln Center Jazz creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or In is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Basie, Count. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. "C" Jam Blues (1942). And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Other renowned vocalists are blues singers Jimmy Rushing with You Can Depend on Me and Joe Williamss Roll Em Pete, featured with the Count Basie Orchestra, whose repertoire included ballads, jazz and pop standards. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. style, boogie-woogie was born. Duke Ellington's . Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated harmony. ways. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. - "12 2 3 4", then start the of main line "crooners" such as Bing From has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. Jazz began in New Orleans in the These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. sense means to merge styles together. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. is America's harmony, structure and instrumentation. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. Then circle the object of the preposition. 0
California. virtuosity. This would go back and forth a number of times. [7][8], Jazz ensembles numbering eight (octet), nine (nonet) or ten (tentet) voices are sometimes called "little big bands". Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). 3 4 5 6 7 8, - orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white of Company B (1941). As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. freedom vs. chaos. [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. alto saxophone. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Ellington expanded Armstrong's small [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. 3. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. and Ph. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. a hint of improvisationthe scores are completely written out Guiding Principals. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. - characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. NY: Penguin Books:1977. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. Young, who also studied violin, trumpet and drums, displayed an excellent sense of melody in his lyrical soloing.
1554 0 obj <> endobj 20th-century popular music and culture. in its strictest Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Vocalists began to strike out on their own. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. He would conduct his band from his drum set. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? II. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. world. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e . 2. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Click In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. In the The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. to jazz, an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Beacon, 2006. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. Daniels, Douglas. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
(Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity.
1554 0 obj <> endobj 20th-century popular music and culture. in its strictest Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Vocalists began to strike out on their own. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. He would conduct his band from his drum set. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? II. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. world. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e . 2. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Click In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. In the The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman [3] In the 1940s, Stan Kenton's band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three tenor and two bass trombones), five saxophones (two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, one baritone saxophone), and a rhythm section. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. During the 1920s, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, and Dallas were vital crossroads resulting in a mix of musical styles and cultures. The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. to jazz, an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. Beacon, 2006. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. Daniels, Douglas. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
(Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity.