He often wore a top hat and tails while demanding the skulls of his dead victims were brought to his palace in Port-au-Prince. In the Port-au-Prince neighborhood of Carrefour Vincent, an undetermined number of army soldiers and paramilitary groups attacked a house with automatic weapons, tear gas and grenades. From their methods to their choice of clothes, Vodou always played an important role in their actions. Members of Tt Ansanm hid in the brush - some survived, while others were found and slaughtered by the armed brigades. The few -- like Montas, who was arrested on Jean Claude Duvalier's orders, on November 28, 1980 -- who have been able to file complaints or testify, represent a small percentage of those who were arrested, jailed, tortured, or killed under the younger's Duvalier regime. Danner, Mark, Beyond the Mountains, in The New Yorker, December 11, 1989. Haitian police and military units also acted with impunity. Human Rights Watch said that the Avril regime's decision was a political, not a legal one, as the regime had the legal option of not granting safe passage, and had made no effort to challenge the Republic's asylum decision. Ordered to maintain the peace and security within Cambodia, all the while administering the prison camps the Khmer Rouge became notorious for, Santebal was responsible for untold thousands of executions at the roughly 150 prison camps across the country. [8], In 1991, after Aristide had been elected President in the Haitian general election, 19901991, his Minister of Justice accused Romain of responsibility, and sought his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, without success.[1]. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Communiqu de Presse, Port-au-Prince, December 5, 2004. Faced with considerable pressure from human rights groups, the Minister of Justice eventually issued an arrest warrant on September 13, 1995. The intimidation became so extreme that the MVSN, who were rightly known as the Tonton Macoutes, began burning people alive, or stoning them to death. dr lorraine day coronavirus test. His cruelty earned him the nickname Vampire of the Caribbean. _ *** (MICIVIH, 1999: 5-6; United Nations, 2000: 15). A nine-year old child from one of them managed to escape but was later found and then brought to the Presidential Palace, where he was allegedly put to death by Franois Duvalier himself. Many people were outraged that these individuals could appear on television, without any disguise, confess their participation in these events and threaten future criminal acts with no fear of being arrested by the authorities."[4]. _ In addition to the repression of the rebellion, between hundreds and thousands of civilians died or were killed during forced labor operations called corve, mainly the construction of roads throughout the country. _ The websites mentioned above list most of the victims. Dressed eerily similar to monks and adorned with an emblem consisting of a severed dog's head and a broom, the Oprichniki led brutal campaigns of terror against potential rebellions, either real or imagined, that the Tsar wished to quell. p. 21. According to witnesses, the FRAPH prevented inhabitants from fleeing their burning houses. [1][4], The church was the parish of future President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, then a liberation theology Roman Catholic priest of the Salesians of Don Bosco order, and had been packed with 1000 people for Sunday mass. A 1922 internal US army report recognized and justified the execution of women and children, presenting them as auxiliaries of the Cacos (in Gaillard, 1983: 259). Hundreds were rounded up or disappeared into the bowels of Fort Dimanche, the notorious dungeon prison where many of Papa Doc's victims lost their lives. Several of the persons responsible for the killing (prison guards and soldiers) were tried and acquitted in July 1917. These children were carried away in his gunnysack, never to be seen again. [17], The Tontons Macoute were a ubiquitous presence at the polls in the 1961 presidential referendum, in which Duvalier's official vote count was an "outrageous" and fraudulent 1,320,748 to 0, electing him to another term. Cambronne did this through his company "Hemocaribian" and shipped five tons of plasma per month to US Labs. Andrew Malone for the Daily Mail, Journalist in six-hour dash across Haiti to rescue wife trapped under earthquake rubble, Haiti earthquake in pictures: How natural disaster ripped an island apart, Haiti earthquake: Death toll could be 'well over 100,000' as bloodstained bodies pile high in streets, Isabel Oakeshott receives 'menacing' message from Matt Hancock, Insane moment river of rocks falls onto Malibu Canyon in CA, Pavement where disabled woman gestured at cyclist before fatal crash, Mom who lost both sons to fentanyl blasts laughing Biden, Pro-Ukrainian drone lands on Russian spy planes exposing location, 'Buster is next!' Tontons Macoutes often stoned and burned people alive. With such numbers, every aspect of East German life was infiltrated; schools, hospitals and industrial plants all maintained informants, as did every apartment building in East Germany. They were believed to have been abducted and killed by the MVSN, who were called the "Tontons Macoutes" as a result. In 1995, once constitutional rule and democracy had been restored, the Truth and Justice Commission investigated the crimes and human rights violations committed during this regime and published a detailed report (1995). Concannon, Brian, Justice Dodged, Boston Haitian Reporter, June 2005. 1991 (September 30, October 1): Coup. The bombs may have been handmade or grenades thrown from the planes. The 19 officers may have been suspected or accused of treason by Duvalier, but historians reject this hypothesis and emphasize Duvaliers the terrorist methods: he sometimes had his closest allies killed to ensure even greater submission from the military and the population. [12] This group answered to him only. [18][19], Some of the most important members of the Tontons Macoute were Vodou leaders. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti, Portrait of a Folk-Hero: Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, The More things change-- human rights in Haiti, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Jean_Bosco_massacre&oldid=1136679075, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 January 2023, at 15:59. At the time they were disbanded, in February 1986, there were several thousand macoutes around the country. 1908 (March 14): At least 27 political opponents or alleged opponents, most of them from the intellectual and social elites, were arrested and executed in the evening of March 14; some were also mutilated. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. Navnet (bogstaveligt "Onkel strtaske") kom fra et navn fra haitisk voodoo for manden med leen.Da snnen Jean-Claude Duvalier "Baby Doc" overtog prsidentposten efter faderens dd i 1971, fik privatmilitsen det officielle navn Milice de . Not surprisingly, the Gestapo is number one of this list. Americas Watch Committee (U.S.), National Coalition for Haitian Refugees, Caribbean Rights (Organization). Jolibois, Grard, LExcution des frres Coicou, Port-au-Prince, Le Natal, 1988. Article created on Monday, March 3, 1997. Those who spoke out against Duvalier would disappear in the night and were never seen again. According to the National Palace Chief of Police, Jean Tassy, 2,053 individuals were killed from 1957 to 1967, in the police headquarters alone (Pierre-Charles, 1973: 56). Rural people were crushed.". The total number of victims, 22, was disputed. You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that's only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary.. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with:. 1994 (night of February 2-3): Killing named Massacre de Carrefour Vincent by the Truth and Justice Commission. These attacks may have been the first ever carried out by air on civilian populations. Backed by politician Franois Duvalier, Kebreau proclaimed himself head of the executive branch of government and organized the September 22 elections, later won by Duvalier. It had become the norm, whole families guilty by bloodline, condemned, executed.". Even the most conservative estimate makes it one of the largest massacres on a single day in Latin America in the 20th century. Historians use the term genocide in reference to this event. Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (ICHR), 1992, Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1991, Washington, D.C., OEA, 1992. _ ** (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162; ICHR, 1991: 470). The victims of Tontons Macoutes could range from a woman in the poorest of neighborhoods who had previously supported an opposing politician to a businessman who refused to comply with extortion threats (ostensibly as donations for public works, but which were in fact the source of profit for corrupt officials and even President Duvalier). Learn how and when to remove this template message, Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati, "Children and the Politics of Violence in Haitian Context: Statist violence, scarcity and street child agency in Port-au-Prince", "2. This was the name given to the members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteers), Franois and Jean-Claude Duvaliers militia force, created because Papa Doc did not trust the military to guarantee his safety. Aristide, Jean-Bertrand (with Christophe Wargny), Tout homme est un homme (Tout moun se moun), , Editions du Seuil, 1992. Roc, Nancy, Requiem pour la Scierie, in Alterpress, Port-au-Prince, April 16, 2004. Their unrestrained state terrorism was accompanied by corruption, extortion and personal aggrandizement among the leadership. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, IV. As with the notorious Lasalin massacre on Nov. 13, 2018 - perpetrated by G9 leader Cherizier along with paramilitary affiliates and police officers of the regime - these more recent massacres are targeting unarmed civilians in popular neighborhoods that are bases of Lavalas opposition to the regime. Journalists were crushed. At least two anti-Aristide youths, Jean-Baptiste Knol and Joseph Leroy, were thrown alive into a burning building. Only one body was recovered and the others may have been disappeared. The occupants of the house were members of a pro-democracy group. The Oprichnikis methods of torture and execution ranged from impalement, boiling victims alive, roasting them over an open flame and even drawing and quartering them. "1.2. The total number of victims of this 3-year regime varies from 10,000 to 30,000 people according to different sources. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. Several families were entirely wiped out. ", The hunt was indeed on for Duvalier's adversaries, army and civilian alike. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary Under the rule of interim President Ertha Pascale Trouillot, in the rural area of Saint-Marc (in the Artibonite discrict, North of the capital), three dozen army soldiers and armed local civilians killed 11 peasants, in the villages of Piatre, Djean, Dupervil, Ka Jan and Ti Plas, in the context of a land conflict between local peasants and big landowners. Thou. Edwidge Danticat is the best-selling author of Claire of the Sea Light and Brother, I'm Dying. Among many awards and honors, she received the 2017 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. 1967 (June 8): 19 military officers and high-ranking officers were killed in Fort-Dimanche by a firing-squad led by Franois Duvalier himself. 8 no. Former journalist Michle Montas still vividly remembers the bullet-ridden bodies lying on the sidewalk near her home on April 26, 1963. The Progressive Inc. publishes The Progressive magazine plus Progressive.org and Public Schools Advocate. 1915-1920: Several thousand civilians were killed by the US occupying forces, along with the Haitian gendarmerie commanded by US officers, who were fighting an insurrection of armed peasants, the Cacos, mainly in the rural areas of the center and Northeast of the country. 1977 (September 21): Eight political prisoners, who had been detained in Fort-Dimanche for several years, were taken out of their cells and shot by a firing squad in Morne Christophe, outside Port-au-Prince. The most notable action of the Oprichniki, was the massacre at Novgorod where 1,500 nobles and anywhere from three to 30,000 thousand others were executed, reducing Novgorod to a shell of a city. President Prval, who was democratically elected in November 1995, was in power during the interval from 1996 to 2001. "Marking the 50th anniversary of one of the bloodiest and senseless days of the Duvalier dictatorship," she says, "will be for so many of us, a day of collective catharsis. [22] They appeared in force again at polls in 1964, when Duvalier held a constitutional referendum that declared him president for life. This regime qualified as a totalitarian one according to Trouilot (1990), who carried out a detailed study of the roots and forms of Duvalierism. These assassinations were ordered by dictator Papa Doc himself as a part of reprisals against an embryonic anti-Duvalier guerrilla group known as Jeune Haiti that had landed in the region (but none of them were in Jrmie). helvetia 20 franc gold coin 1947 value; tonton macoute massacre. They were taken from Fort-Dimanche and executed, at night, in Ganthier, a village Northeast of Port-au-Prince, and then thrown into a mass grave. Following Ceausescus removal from power in 1989, the Securitate survived two more years, until it was disbanded and reorganized by Romanian Parliament. By 1572, fearing that the power of the Oprichniki had reached heights the Tsar could no longer control, Ivan forced the group to disband, making it a crime to even utter their name. Andrew Malone for the Daily Mail My Blog. After 15 more years of bloodshed and oppression, the people finally rose up in 1986 and Baby Doc was forced to flee into exile in France. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Troisime Partie. 1991 (January 17): In Gervais, Artibonite, 12 peasants were killed and 8 were disappeared (while 20 others were wounded and 494 houses were allegedly set on fire). Indeed, the devastating earthquake now bringing death and heartbreak is the latest in a long line of tragedies to befall a place dubbed the Island of the Damned. During the trial, the court heard that during the 28 years they ruled Haiti, the Duvaliers. Montas joins an even shorter list of high profile victims, whom Baby Doc is able to identify by name. 1991 (October 2): Thirty civilians were killed by army soldiers in a single day in Cit Soleil, a shantytown of Port-au-Prince known for harboring many supporters of President Aristide, in retaliation for an attack against a local police station. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. Several dozens of individuals believed to be werewolves or witches were lynched by the mob. In power from 1957, Papa Doc made voodoo the country's official religion and claimed to be Baron Samedi, the religion's spirit of death. Conjugao Documents Dicionrio Dicionrio Colaborativo Gramtica Expressio Reverso Corporate. There should be no statute of limitations on the disappeared.". The MICIVIH carried out an investigation immediately after the event and concluded that it was a premeditated collective murder., _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: chapter V, section B; MICIVIH, 1994). These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. Hurbon, Laennec, La Dsymbolisation du pouvoir et ses effets meurtriers, Chemins Critiques, Montreal, Cidihca, 2001. The most exhaustive study was carried out by CRESFED, a local NGO (Pierre-Charles, 2000). Dupuy, Alex, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007. [2][5][6] President Aristide went into exile on February 29, 2004 and found asylum in South Africa. The Vieux family lost four of its members. Tonton Macoutes tntn mkoot [ key] [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier (Papa Doc) of Haiti. 1915 (July 27): Armed supporters of President Vilbrun Sam and General Oscar Etiennes troops slaughtered 167 political prisoners who had been jailed in the National Penitentiary (in Port-au-Prince) during the previous few days. The Tonton Macoutes cut out the hearts, eyes and lungs of opponents with machetes, while Papa Doc, who stole almost a billion pounds in foreign aid, insisted that every television and radio programme had to be entirely in praise of his rule. In 1920, the US Navy investigation commission interrogated occupying officers regarding allegations of acts of violence committed by the air force, but the commission did not deliver any condemnations, or even make any formal accusations. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Massacre de la Scierie, trois prsums gnocidaires sous les verrous, Press Communiqu, Port-au-Prince, March 2, 2004. Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the Tontons Macoute. 1988 (September 11): Event known as the massacre de Saint-Jean Bosco. Under General Namphys rule, unidentified armed men (probably former macoutes) killed at least 13 individuals (and wounded 80 more) inside the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, during Sunday mass. Murdaugh is heckled as he leaves court, Ken Bruce finishes his 30-year tenure as host of BBC Radio 2, Ukrainian soldier takes out five tanks with Javelin missiles, Family of a 10-month-old baby filmed vaping open up, Missing hiker buried under snow forces arm out to wave to helicopter, Hershey's Canada releases HER for SHE bars featuring a trans activist, Moment teenager crashes into back of lorry after 100mph police race. [8], The Mayor of Port-au-Prince at the time, Franck Romain, a former Tonton Macoute leader, was accused of being involved. Alix introduced the man with his arm in a sling as Eloise Maitre. When Papa Doc began killing anyone he suspected of political opposition, Emmanuel took action . The members of the firing squad, chosen by Duvalier himself, were high-ranking officers who were all relatives or close friends of the victims. At least 13 people[1] (it is impossible to say how many;[2] some sources say 50[3]) were killed and around 80 wounded in a three-hour assault on the Saint-Jean Bosco church in Port-au-Prince, which saw the church burned down. The Gestapo in a sense became somewhat of a paramilitary force as well during the war. Fifteen of them, including some journalists covering the event, were mowed down in hail of bullets by Duvalier loyalists. After the July 1958 Haitian coup d'tat attempt against President Franois Duvalier, he purged the army and law enforcement agencies in Haiti and executed numerous officers as he perceived them as a threat to his regime. Literature. The killings were part of dchoukajagainst macoutes, who were attempting to interrupt the democratic process at the time. 196, 1998. The Tontons Macoutes were an ubiquitous presence in a rigged 1961 election in which Duvalier was unanimously reelected to another term, and once again in 1964 when Duvalier held a rigged referendum that declared him President for Life. The meaning of MACOUTE is obsolete variant of macuta. Tonton Macoute was an English jazz-rock/psych band from Newbury, Berkshire, that released a self-titled album on RCA-subsidiary Neon in 1971, followed by a standalone single under the abbreviated name Tonton in 1972. State Against Nation. The total number of victims in Port-au-Prince that day was at least 34, although an observer interviewed by the ICHR (1988: 84) quoted the figure of 200. The number of victims is unknown but is said to be above three hundred for the first two days. Hurbon, Laennec, Comprendre Hati, Karthala, , 1987. [17] The Tonton Macoute was heavily influenced by Vodou tradition with denim uniforms resembling clothing like Azaka Medeh, the patron of farmers, and the use of the machete in symbolic reference to Ogun, a great general in Vodou tradition. For tourists on cruise ships plying the Caribbean, Haiti appears a beguiling, mysterious place. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997 ; ICHR, 1993), 1991 (September 30 and the first few days of October): In the afternoon of September 30, a commando of army soldiers moved into the Lamentin 50 neighborhood, in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, randomly opened fire on bystanders and private homes, and indiscriminately threw grenades into local houses. The Duvalier dynasty ended in 1986, but their legacy remained as Fad'H and former-members of the Tonton Macoutes attempted to suppress voter turnout during the 1987 elections. 1914-1915. (Label) 1971 Pulsar / Carlin Music Manufactured by RCA Limited, England. The Benot, Edelyn and families were exterminated and their bodies left in full view in front of their houses. 2022 The Progressive Inc. 931 E. Main Street, Suite 10 Madison, Wisconsin 53703 (608) 257-4626, Memories of a Duvalier Massacre, 50 Years Later. ), En Grandissant sous Duvalier. For a detailed list of the most emblematic individuals responsible for executions and killings committed by macoutesand the military, see Pierre-Charles (2000: 45-49). After an attempted coup d'tat against him in 1958, Duvalier disbanded the army and all law enforcement agencies in Haiti, and executed all high-ranking generals. However, most of those responsible for the repression escaped prosecution. Following considerable pressure from the United Nations, the OAS and human rights groups, an internal investigation was carried out. The SAVAK was the Shah of Irans secret police force from 1957 until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The de-facto regime relied on paramilitary death squads known as FRAPH, which carried out most of the executions and persecution of opponents and alleged opponents. In 1993, I watched as the might of the U.S. military was repelled by mobs armed with stones and clubs when American troops arrived to restore order. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In 1918 and 1919, many Caco prisoners were systematically executed once they had been disarmed, following explicit, written orders (in Gaillard, 1981: 32-39, 49, 214, 307). His cruelty earned him the nickname "Vampire of the Caribbean". He came out on to the path and the Tontons Macoute shot him down from a car. At the same period, locals had been embroiled in a tax dispute and had refused to pay taxes on the sale of agricultural products, which had alienated the Duvalier regime further. _ Beyond opponents of the regime, the targeted groups cannot be defined in traditional political terms, which made the Duvalierist violence fundamentally new (Trouillot, 1990: 166-170). Many Haitians fled to exile in the United States and Canada, especially French-speaking Quebec. Duvalier employed the Tonton Macoute in a reign of terror against any opponents, including those who proposed progressive social systems. The number of their victims remains unknown. Trained in part by the CIA, SAVAK was an extremely repressive police force in a society that dealt with dissidents swiftly. Two years before the end of his mandate, President Aristide was destabilized by repeated, massive demonstrations led by student organizations since the end of 2002. Tontons Macoutes murdered more than 60,000 Haitians. Eloise was the head of the feared "Tonton Macoute", the Haitian secret police. Gaillard, Roger, La Rpublique Exterminatrice, Cinquime Partie. Several families were entirely exterminated. Coicous body was decapitated, then thrown into a mass grave. The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. Political satire was added to the stewpot of artistic influences when the dictator "Papa Doc" Duvalier came to power in 1957, terrorising the people of Haiti by means of his brutal Tonton. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}183058N 721706W / 18.516N 72.285W / 18.516; -72.285 Producer - Tonton Macoute Saxophone [Electric] - Dave Knowles (3) ( tracks: B3) Notes Released in a matt gatefold cover. Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, who has died of a heart attack aged 63, was just 19 when he inherited the title of president-for-life from his father, Francois or "Papa Doc", who had ruled Haiti . To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II. Massacre du 26 Avril 1963 : Vido de la terreur des Duvalier. Some victims of Stasi psychological harassment had mental breakdowns, or even committed suicide. This letter constitutes the sole written testimony of the acts committed against them. Following the purge, when war broke out, the NKVD was equally ruthless, committing war crimes, such as the Katyn Massacre, as well. Danroc, Gilles and Roussire, Daniel, La Rpression au quotidien en Hati (1991-1994), Commission Justice et Paix du diocse des Gonaives (Justice and Peace Commission of the Gonaives diocese), Karthala, , 1995. _ *** (Turits, 2002; Turits, 2003: 161-180; Roorda, 1998: 127-139; Saez, 1988, vol I: 60-70; Castor, 1988; Garcia, 1983; Cuello, 1985). The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. This subject is politically and emotionally charged. The regime did not formally record who was imprisoned and who was executed, nor did it even attempt to keep track of this. Statements by several officers have established that they did not know the reasons for their execution. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. [23], The lack of funds coming to the Tonton Macoute was a result of those funds being intercepted by the Duvalier dynasty which was sometimes taking nearly 80 percent of international aid to Haiti, then turning around to pay only 45 percent of the debts the country owed. Both bands were managed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikely (Matthews Southern Comfort/The Herd/and Dave Dee Dozy Beaky Mick and Titch). Carri later refuted the allegation. Men, women, children and elderly people were killed. Some civilians who had attempted to flee were killed. Diederich, Bernard and Burt, Al, Papa Doc and the Tontons macoutes, Princeton, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005. Day group, London and Bedford Barcode and Other Identifiers [6] Renda, Mary, Taking Haiti, Military Occupation and the Culture of US Imperialism, 1915-1940, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2001. While the Stasi engaged in arrest and torture through the 1950s and 1960s, by the early 70s the secret police began a far more subversive campaign of psychological torture, disrupting a suspected dissident's personal life via a smear campaign, breaking into ones home to reorganize objects and making threatening phone calls, among other less obvious, but continuous provocations. Furthermore, Santebal was a major instrument of the Cambodian genocide committed by the Khmer Rouge. macoutes Sony Borges and Grard Brunache extinguished their cigarettes in the eyes of crying children. A bogeyman of Haitian Creole folklore. Le Grand fauve, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince 1995. Second only to Stalins secret police force, Hitlers Gestapo terrorized Nazi Germany for 13 years, acting as the main tool of oppressing dissent against the Nazi regime, as the primary force that initially terrorized and rounded up the Jews and latera leading player in the Holocaust. The dysfunctional Haitian judicial system, plagued with incompetence and the lack of resources, was unable to carry out and conclude its investigation of this event. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late.