You are doing your best. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. d. existential, 125. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. 152. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? 103. Freuds psychodynamic theory made a lasting impact on the field of psychology but also has been criticized heavily. c. psychosurgery. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. c. intellectualization. c. psychodynamic. "What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members.". b. resistance. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. This might even affect how you interact with them. d. classical conditioning. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. The biopsychosocial model (BPS) was first proposed by George L. Engel and Jon Romano of the University of Rochester in 1977. b. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). a. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. 56. b. map, or sequence, genes. b. secondary prevention. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? The nervous system. b. psychoanalysis. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: a. schizophrenia. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. d. known risk and protective factors. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. d. fear. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Don't worry. Like schemas, the attributions we make can lead us astray. Im here for you. A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST probably be following the _____ tradition. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: a. dendrites. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. His name is What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. b. transference. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. Bertha (Anna O.) b. modeling. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? What is this therapy? If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. a. Recent research has discovered that autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia all share genetic roots. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. b. sociocultural The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. See Figure 2.4 below. Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. b. ones values and goals. Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. Psychosurgery. Which would be a part of your paradigm? Figure 2.9. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. d. humanists. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. What are the three assessment techniques used by Freud? Conditioning is when learning occurs. 115. c. social networks. a. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. 81. 26. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. b. laissez-faire parenting style. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. The biopsychosocial model examines the health and other illnesses and product behavior with biological features and behavioral factors.Several health psychologists work with healthcare experts and patients to help . Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. Notice that preconditioning has both an A and a B panel. Food, water, temperature, and sex, for instance, are primary reinforcers, while extreme cold or hot or a punch on the arm are inherently punishing. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. That is the idea, at least. d. special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Describe the role of bacterial and viral infections in mental illness. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. c. who believe in a higher being are the healthiest. 22. a. modeling. What is that factor? What about other students in the class that you know? d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. c. Its use is controversial because it requires surgical implantation of electrodes. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? 104. Which type of psychodynamic therapy encourages therapists to disclose things about themselves? Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy? a. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: a. ego theory. 101. b. exposure The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. 33. No one form of couple therapy stands out as superior to others. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. a. existential 141. 34. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Neurotransmitters. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. c. result of childhood trauma. It handles the CNSs input and output and divides into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. The neuron. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. c. emphasizes the importance of having a positive outlook. 117. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. 166. For each category, we have a schema, or a set of beliefs and expectations about a group of people, presumed to apply to all members of the group, and based on experience. I know my grandmother used to. b. exposure therapy. c. gestalt. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Differentiate uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality. 99. d. Bandura. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. How so? If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. d. show unconditional positive regard for the clients statements. a. disengaged b. neglectful c. enmeshed d. belittling. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. What is that factor? Dont worry. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. It might be that the disorder causes dysfunction in the family, rather than the dysfunctional family causing the disorder. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. Dealing with anxiety. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. c. prejudice and discrimination faced by women. d. free association. d. psychotropic treatment. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. d. people can inherit physical but not mental capacities. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. What if? d. libido. 40. a. losing the dog b. having the dream over and over c. feeling panicked in the dream d. feeling stress about her mothers illness. 128. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. 2.3.4.1. Eventually, the response brought about by the sympathetic nervous system must end. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . 2.3.3.4. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: a. catharsis. The axon terminals are the end of the axon where the electrical impulse becomes a chemical message and passes to an adjacent neuron. 48. b. Freud. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? 129. a. cognitive-behavioral The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. 14. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). This person is an A student but does not like being right under the nose of the professor, especially if he/she tends to spit when lecturing. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Its a simple strategy, but an important one. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. This model has been adopted by psychiatrists rather than psychologists. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. d. genes. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Track the accuracy of the thought. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Important here is that specific culture- and gender-related diagnostic issues are discussed for each disorder, demonstrating increased awareness of the impact of these factors. This action MOST strongly suggests that the _____ is firmly in control of Nikolai. This is an example of: The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. b. delusional thinking. Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: a. increase positive self-talk and decrease risk taking. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. 164. Chapter Recap. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. c. illogical thinking. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect.